Parctical Work Number 2 (Task 7)

TASK 7:

The term "Holocaust" is sometimes used in a wider sense to describe other genocides of the Nazi and other regimes.


The Encyclopædia Britannica defines "Holocaust" as "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II, AlthoughThe Nazis also singled out the Roma (Gypsies). They were the only other group that the Nazis systematically killed in gas chambers alongside the Jews."


The basic motivation of this was purely ideological, rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology – which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means."


The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community.


During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others).


In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War II. By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the "Final Solution," the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthanasia Program.


As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of other people


In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the so-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit.


Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities.


In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called “death marches,” in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, 1945.


In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied eastern Europe entirely.


The Character that resembles Hitler in the book is Jack, because he's the one that gets apart from the group because he wanted the kids organization to be like an Anarchism system.

Practical Work Number 2 (Tasks 5-6-8-9)

TASK 5:

Ralph


When he and the others arrive on the island, he quickly establishes himself as the chief of the group, although not by any harsh, overt or physical action, but by being elected. Ralph has many leadership skills that Piggy does not possess and he knows when to and when not to talk (which separates him from Piggy again). Ralph suggests that a fire be lit, hoping that it will increase their chance of being saved; however, towards the end of the book he forgets the initial reason for maintaining the fire. This is representative of the debilitating effects corruption has even on the brightest mind. Ralph always means well, but frequently forgets his motives for doing so, and requires Piggy's constant reminders to reinforce the purpose of the fire. Still, in the midst of all the island's chaos, it should be noted that Ralph has a tendency to be polite and logical in the tensest of moments



Piggy

Piggy, whose real name is never revealed, is Ralph's chief adviser and "true, wise friend." He represents the role of intelligence, reason, rationality and civilization. His identity with civilization is symbolized in many ways, including the fact that his hair never lengthens even as the others' does, and his refusal to accept the existence of ghosts or the beast. Even at the beginning, the limiting influence of civilization is symbolized by the limitations of Piggy's own body: his obesity, his often debilitating asthma, and his thick spectacles. His deteriorating sway is further represented as his glasses are first broken, and then later stolen by Jack, leaving him all but completely helpless. He makes a final appeal for order and reason, and is horribly killed for his efforts. With his gruesome death, simultaneous with the destruction of the conch, reason and civility are gone completely, and the descent into savagery is consummated



Jack Merridew

Jack epitomizes the worst aspects of human nature when not controlled or tempered by society. Like Ralph, Jack is a natural leader. However, unlike Ralph, Jack appeals to more basic desires in the children and relies on his status as leader of the choirboys (presumably ordained by the adults). Although his way of behaving is neither disruptive nor violent at the beginning of the book, he does at that time express an ungovernable desire to hunt and kill a pig. As the story progresses, this desire grows more and more irrational, to the point where he abandons the fire (and causes the boys to miss a potential rescue) simply in order to hunt. This sparks tension between Jack and Ralph, which leads to a clear dividing line between the two, with Jack as the irrational one, and Ralph representing rationality. Eventually, in the later part of the book when Ralph's leadership is more undermined, Jack’s true evil nature is exposed. He leads most of the boys away from Ralph, and forms a separate group, based not on democracy but obedience and where violence and torture are carried out. The novel ends with Jack leading many of the boys in a frenzied attempt to kill Ralph, which is only prevented by the abrupt and unexpected arrival of a naval officer



Roger

Roger, at first, is a simple "begin" who's having fun during his stay on the island. Along with Maurice, he attacks a group of small children and destroy their sand castle. Maurice feels guilt for kicking sand into a child's eye, while Roger throws stones at the fleeing children. But the book states that Roger clearly threw the stones to miss, and felt the presence of civilization and society preventing him from harming the children. Later, once he feels that all aspects of conventional society are gone, he is left alone to his animal urges. He kills Piggy with a stone that was no longer aimed to miss, and becomes the executioner and torturer of Jack's tribe. He represents man's pure, animal evil, that is only restrained by the rules of society, and could be interpreted as the entire theme of the book embodied in one person.



TASK 6:

For a state to be called a democracy, it must provide its citizens with the conditions for political participation. For a country to be democratic all the citizens should be included in the decision making process in one way or the other. The media and independent institutions in democratic societies usually provide checks and balances on governments and party behaviour.

The best way forward for any political party in government is to be in touch with the citizens and the best way to do so is by encouraging widespread participation and representation. This is how winning political parties stay at the top of the game and how developed countries maintain the strength of their democracy.

Normally governments formed under anarchist leaders and such political parties are not organized under any stable form and for them it is hard to embrace democracy. They are not united by any political discipline. They know nothing of obliga¬tions or duties, such as elections, contribution to citizen well being, and increasing the par¬ticipation of the rest of the society in the decision making process.

Typical anarchist leaders differ considerably from democratic leaders. Anarchist political parties have no uniformity in their functions. Parliament as well as judiciary in their belief should be their governments rubber stamp. Under anarchist governments, the opportunities that people have gets taken away in many cases, leading to withdrawal of basic infra structure requirements of the citizens. Personal development and ambition of the citizens get trampled over and the power bug becomes an addiction where the sight set for winning dims the democratic achievements of countries under such leaders, leading to reversal.



TASK 8:

Human rights violations occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or humanitarian law. In regard to human rights violations of United Nations laws. Article 39 of the United Nations Charter designates the UN Security Council (or an appointed authority) as the only tribunal that may determine UN human rights violations.

Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees, national institutions and governments and by many independent non-governmental organizations, such as Amnesty International, International Federation of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, World Organization Against Torture, Freedom House, International Freedom of Expression Exchange and Anti-Slavery International. These organizations collect evidence and documentation of alleged human rights abuses and apply pressure to enforce human rights laws.

Only a very few countries do not commit significant human rights violations, according to Amnesty International. In their 2004 human rights report (covering 2003), the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Costa Rica are the only countries that did not (in the opinion of Amnesty International) violate at least some human rights significantly.

There are a wide variety of databases available which attempt to measure, in a rigorous fashion, exactly what violations governments commit against those within their territorial jurisdiction. An example of this is the list created and maintained by Prof. Christian Davenport at the Kroc Institute – University of Notre Dame.

Wars of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide, are breaches of International humanitarian law and represent the most serious of human rights violations.

Although there is a Big mobilization in the whole world for the defense of the Human Rights, there’s not a big respect for them. In many countries there are manifests of Human Right violation

A typical case of an uncovered violation of the Human Rights can arise from the Inequality that are manifested in the society, like when a part of the population cannot have an access to something that another part can.

Terrorism, repression, discrimination, misery, and Child’s Rights violation…are actually Human Right violation and they are the most common.


TASK 9:


Symbolism:

The Conch Shell: Indicates democracy respect, order, etc because Golding wants to chow how weak the system is, and when Ralph throws the conch and the conch breaks into a thousand of pieces Golding wants to show us how the savagery is stronger than the feeling of the order, respect and democracy, he wants to show us how the anarchism is stronger than Democracy, this action shows how quick everything gets out of control.

The scar in the Island: Represents the first thing that the man breaks, ruin in the Island.

Piggy’s Glasses: The symbolism in this object can be: How Intellectual the kid is; the Deterioration of them represents the corruption in the boys. Piggy uses his glasses not only to see, but also to discern what is right, wrong, safe or harmful. When Piggy loses his spectacles, he also loses his clear vision and power of discernment.

The Fire: As a sign of hope (the boys have to return to society). When the flames dance brightly, it shows the enthusiasm they still have the idea of being rescued. But, as the fire gets weaker, it reflects the attitude of the boys and their loss of Hope. And It can also be symbol of the boys' link to the civilized world. As long as the fire continues burning, it suggests not only that the boys want to return to society, but also that they are still using their intellectual capacity.



The Beast: devised by the boys is imaginary, symbolizing the savage instinct within the hearts of all people. The introduction of the Beast symbolizes the beginning of savagery, and as the boys become more savage their belief in the beast increases. When the boys reach the top of their savagery they begin worshipping the Beast and attributing inhuman qualities, such as shape-shifting, to it, and their savagery increases to the point where they kill an innocent boy. The idea of the Beast can also be understood as propaganda used by Jack to attain a totalitarian government. By scaring the boys by telling them that the Beast exists, and by accusing Ralph of doing a poor job of protecting the children, Jack achieves leadership of a new ‘tribe’ in which he will rule like a tyrant.The Beast, or The Lord of the Flies, (from which the novel's title is taken), represents the devil. Beelzebub, meaning ‘Lord of the Flies’ is in fact one of the many Biblical names of Satan. In the novel, the stick and the skull (the physical manifestation of the Lord the Flies), is circumambulated by flies, signifying the worship of evil.



The Lord of the Flies symbolizes that Satan is within ALL humanity and that it is he that causes the sinner and savage behavior. The devil is the source of all evil.

Face-painting: With mud and other such materials. This shows the level of savagery they have reached, and their return to primal human instincts.

The Island: can be taken as a representation of the world, and in this case the boys and their position represents the different roles of the Political ideas that every kid represents. Or in A biblical point of view can represent Heaven.

The Kids:

Ralph symbolizes civilization and order. He shows the sophisticated side of man and holds the position of a democratic leader.

Piggy represents the voice of reason in civilization; his cleverness and brains are qualities that prove his intellect. I

Simon represents the purity and natural goodness existing in humanity. In a biblical point of view he represents Jesus.

While these three represent the goodness existing in humanity, Jack and Roger symbolize evil.

Jack shows the power-hungry and savage end of society while Roger represents brutality and bloodlust.

Roger shows his evil tendencies from the very beginning of the novel, when he throws rocks at the littluns and destroys their castles.

Piggy, in contrast, shows opposition to immaturity and savage behaviour from the beginning. These two characters symbolize polar opposites, good and evil. However, in the end Roger kills Piggy resulting in evil overpowering purity, suggesting the end of civilization.

The littl’uns: represents the common people and the older kids play the role of the noblemen. The relationship between the two groups show whether or not a society is civilized. For example, Ralph and Simon are kind to those younger than them, proving their civilized attitudes. Roger and Jack, however, are cruel to them, and use them according to their whims. This behaviour symbolizes a wild and uncivilized culture.

The introduction of the dead parachutist: symbolizes the fall of adult supervision. It also symbolizes the start of destruction, as it is the discovery of the dead person that leads the older boys to further believe in beasts. In this way, we can say that the end of adult supervision led to corruption.

Practical Work Number 2 (Task 1 to 4)

TASK 1:

References:

1-Castle Rock

2-Meeting Point With Navy Soldier

3-Simon's Peaceful Place

4-The Plane

5-Simon's Deathplace

6-SOS Bonfire

7-Meeting Point

8-Piggy's Deathplace

9-The Island Scar made by The plane when It crashes.

10-Place where Piggy Found the Conch Shell

11-The Mountains

TASK 2:

The First Week: They’d have to try to find out some organization, for example, one of the boys is put in charge of Getting food, another one of making a bonfire, another one of making something like a place to stay like, another boy would have to make something to get potable water, etc. To think a way to get rescued, knowing the island.

The Second Week: Try to get out in some way, may be making a boat, and if it doesn’t work, try to improve the things that they’ve done in the first week.

TASK 3:

Anarchism

The term anarchism derives from the Greek “ἄναρχος”, anarchos, meaning "without rules".

Anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. It seeks to diminish or even abolish authority in the conduct of human relations. Anarchists may widely disagree on what additional criteria are required in anarchism. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy says, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold, and those considered anarchists at best share a certain family resemblance”.

School of Anarchism

Anarchist ideas have only occasionally inspired political movements of any size, and "the tradition is mainly one of individual thinkers, but they have produced an important body of theory." Anarchist schools of thought had been generally grouped in two main historical traditions, individualist anarchism and social anarchism, which have some different origins, values and evolution. The individualist wing of anarchism emphasises negative liberty, i.e. opposition to state or social control over the individual, while those in the social wing emphasise positive liberty to achieve one's potential and argue that humans have needs that society ought to fulfill, "recognizing equality of entitlement".

Mutualism

Mutualism began in 18th century English and French labour movements before taking an anarchist form associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in France and others in the United States. Proudhon proposed spontaneous order, whereby organization emerges without central authority, a "positive anarchy" where order arises when everybody does “what he wishes and only what he wishes"and where "business transactions alone produce the social order.”

Mutualist anarchism is concerned with reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation, and credit and currency reform. According to William Batchelder Greene, each worker in the mutualist system would receive "just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount." Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism. Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property."

Individualist anarchism

Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy but refers to a group of individualistic philosophies that sometimes are in conflict. The most extreme form of individualist anarchism, called "egoism,” or egoist anarchism, was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, Max Stirner. Stirner's The Ego and Its Own, published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy. According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire, without regard for God, state, or morality. To Stirner, rights were spooks in the mind, and he held that society does not exist but "the individuals are its reality".

Social Ananrchism

Social anarchism calls for a system with public ownership of means of production and democratic control of all organizations, without any government authority or coercion. It is the largest school of anarchism. Social anarchism rejects private property, seeing it as a source of social inequality, and emphasises cooperation and mutual aid.

Anarchist communism proposes that the freest form of social organisation would be a society composed of self-managing communes with collective use of the means of production, organised democratically, and related to other communes through federation. While some anarchist communists favour direct democracy, others feel that its majoritarianism can impede individual liberty and favour consensus democracy instead. In anarchist communism, as money would be abolished, individuals would not receive direct compensation for labour (through sharing of profits or payment) but would have free access to the resources and surplus of the commune. Anarchist communism does not always have a communitarian philosophy. Some forms of anarchist communism are egoist and strongly influenced by radical individualism, believing that anarchist communism does not require a communitarian nature at all.

Anarcho-capitalism developed from radical anti-state libertarianism and individualist anarchism, drawing from Austrian School economics, study of law and economics and public choice theory, while the burgeoning feminist and environmentalist movements also produced anarchist offshoots.

Anarcha-feminism developed as a synthesis of radical feminism and anarchism that views patriarchy (male domination over women) as a fundamental manifestation of compulsory government. It was inspired by the late 19th century writings of early feminist anarchists such as Lucy Parsons, Emma Goldman, Voltairine de Cleyre, and Dora Marsden. Anarcha-feminists, like other radical feminists, criticise and advocate the abolition of traditional conceptions of family, education and gender roles. Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism) is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an emphasis on environmental issues, and whose main contemporary currents are anarcho-primitivism and social ecology. Anarcho-pacifism is a tendency which rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change. It developed "mostly in Holland, Britain, and the United States, before and during the Second World War".

Globalization Anarchism

Many among today’s young radical activists, especially those at the center of the anti-globalization and anti-corporate movements, call themselves anarchists. The current anti-globalization movement has roots in the nonviolent direct action movement, with which it shares a structure based on small autonomous groups, a practice of decision-making by consensus, and a style of protest that revolves around mass civil disobedience.

Green anarchism, or ecoanarchism, is a school of thought within anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues. An important early influence was the thought of the American individualist anarchist Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden. In the late 19th century there emerged an anarchist naturist current within individualist anarchist circles in France, Spain and Portugal. Some contemporary green anarchists can be described as anarcho-primitivists (or anti-civilization anarchists), though not all green anarchists are primitivists. Likewise, there is a strong critique of modern technology among green anarchists, though not all reject it entirely.

Published posthumously in French in 1882, Mikhail Bakunin's God and the State was one of the first Anarchist treatises on religion. Bakunin expounds his philosophy of religion's place in history and its relationship to the modern political state. It was later published in English by Mother Earth Publications in 1916. Spanish anarchists in the early 20th century were responsible for burning several churches, though many of the church burnings were actually carried out by members of the Radical Party while anarchists were blamed. The implicit and/or explicit support by church leaders for fascism during the Spanish Civil War greatly contributed to anti-religious sentiment. Emma Goldman wrote in "Anarchism: What It Really Stands For".

 

Task 4:

We think that Golding is trying to show the weakness of piggy in a fisical way, to show how the stronger personality, like Ralph’s one always gets the power. Beside, he's the ones who wants everyone else to be like he, and his buddies are sauvage kids. Although he could be trying to demonstrate Darwin’s Theory.

Answers

1. (W) Newquay
2. (I)  British
3. (L) Nigel Williams
4. (L) Classical Literature
5. (I)  The Lord Of The Flies
6. (A) Ann Brookfield
7. (M) Monasteries
8. (G) The Double Tongue
9. (O) Bowerchalk
10. (L) NObel Prize For Literature
11. (D) Normandy
12. (I) Heart Failure
13. (N) Navy
14. (G) Rites Of Passage

Crossword

                                           _ _W_ _ _ _


                                            _ _I_ _ _ _

                                      _ _ _ _L   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

                           _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

 _ _ _   _ _ _ _   _ _   _ _ _   _ _ I_ _

                                             A_ _   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

                                            M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



          _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _G_ _

                                             _O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

     _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _   L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


                                _ _ _ _ _ _D_

                          _ _ _ _ _   _ _ I_ _ _ _

                                              N_ _ _

        _ _ _ _ _   _ _   _ _ _ _ _ G _






References:
1- William Golding was born in his grandmother's house, 47 Mountwise, St. Columb Minor, …….., Cornwall
2- Sir William Gerald Golding was a ……. Novelist.
3- The Lord Of the Flies Movie was adapted by……….
4- Golding's often allegorical fiction makes broad use of allusions to …………….
5-His first novel
6- His wife was called …….
7- His novels are often set in closed communities such as islands, villages, …….., groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.
8- After he died, he left the draft of a novel, ……………….., set in ancient Delphi, which was published posthumously.
9- He was buried in the village churchyard at ……………, South Wiltshire.
10- He won a ………………
11- He also participated in the invasion of …………. on D-Day.
12- He died because of a ………
13- During World War II, Golding fought in the Royal ………
14- He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel ………………., the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.